Calculul prin metoda opțiunilor reale

Types of real options[ edit ] Simple Examples Investment This simple example shows the relevance of the real option to delay investment and wait for further information, and is adapted from "Investment Example". Consider a firm that has the option to invest in a new factory.

It can invest this year or next year. The question is: when should the firm invest?

If the firm invests this year, it has an income stream earlier. But, if it invests next year, the firm obtains further information about the state of the economy, which can prevent it from investing with losses. The firm knows its discounted cash flows if it invests this year: 5M. If it invests next year, the discounted cash flows are 6M with a The investment cost is 4M. If the firm invests next year, the present value of the investment cost is 3.

Following the net present value rule for investment, the firm should invest this year because the discounted cash flows 5M are greater than the investment costs 4M by 1M. Yet, if the firm waits for next year, it only invests if discounted cash flows do not decrease. If discounted cash flows decrease to 3M, then investment is no longer profitable.

If, they grow to 6M, then the firm invests. This implies that the firm invests next year with a Thus the value to invest next year is 1. Given that the value to invest next year exceeds the value to invest this year, the firm should wait for further information to prevent losses.

This simple example shows how the net present value may lead the firm to take unnecessary risk, which could be prevented by real options valuation. Staged Investment Staged investments are quite often in the pharmaceutical, mineral, and oil industries.

In this example, it is studied a staged investment abroad in which a firm decides whether to open one or two stores in a foreign country. This is adapted calculul prin metoda opțiunilor reale "Staged Investment Example". The firm does not know how well its stores are accepted in a foreign country.

If their stores have high demand, the discounted cash flows per store is 10M. If their stores have low demand, the discounted cash flows per store is 5M. It is also known that if the store's demand is forex deschis sâmbătă of the store: if one store has high demand, the other also has high calculul prin metoda opțiunilor reale.

The investment cost per store is 8M. Should the firm invest in one store, two stores, or not invest?

The net present value suggests the firm should not invest: the net present value is But is it the best alternative? Following real options valuation, it is not: the firm has the real option to open one store this year, wait a year to know its demand, and invest in the new store next year if demand is high. The value to open one store this year is 7. Thus the value of the real option to invest in one store, wait a year, and invest next year is 0. Given this, the firm should opt by opening one store.

Real options valuation

This simple example shows that a negative net present value does not imply that the firm should not invest. The flexibility available to management — i. Real options are also commonly applied to stock valuation - see Business valuation § Option pricing approaches - as well as to various other "Applications" referenced below. Options relating to project size[ edit cum să deschideți site- ul web cu opțiuni binare Where the project's scope is uncertain, flexibility as to the size of the relevant facilities is valuable, and constitutes optionality.

Management then has the option but not the obligation to expand — i. A project with the option to expand will cost more to establish, the excess being the option premiumbut is worth more than the same without the possibility of expansion.

This is equivalent to a call option. Option to contract : The project is engineered such that output can be contracted in future should conditions turn out to be unfavourable. Forgoing these future expenditures constitutes option exercise.

This is the equivalent to a put optionand again, the excess upfront expenditure is the option premium. Option to expand or contract: Here the project is designed such that its operation can be dynamically turned on and off.

Management may shut down part or all of the operation when conditions are unfavorable a put optionand may restart operations when conditions improve a call option.

A flexible manufacturing system FMS is a good example of this type of option.

This calculul prin metoda opțiunilor reale is also known as a Switching option. Options relating to project life and timing[ edit ] Where there is uncertainty as to when, and how, business or other conditions will eventuate, flexibility as to the timing of the relevant project s is valuable, and constitutes optionality.

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